http://studioware.com/wikislax/index.php?title=Linux_basics&feed=atom&action=historyLinux basics - Revision history2024-03-28T16:43:19ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.29.2http://studioware.com/wikislax/index.php?title=Linux_basics&diff=85&oldid=prevWikislax: /* Using SSH */2022-12-18T20:58:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Using SSH</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:58, 18 December 2022</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>SSH is a suite of tools affording connecting remotely over encrypted communications. On the client side, '''ssh''' offers a command line terminal, '''scp''' affords copying a file, and '''sftp''' behaves like ftp. The server side consists of sshd, sftp-server, and ssh-agent. ssh-add, ssh-keysign, ssh-keyscan, and ssh-keygen afford key management. The SSH present on Slackware and the BSDs is [https://www.openssh.com/ OpenSSH], developped by members of the [https://www.openbsd.org/ OpenBSD] project.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>SSH is a suite of tools affording connecting remotely over encrypted communications. On the client side, '''ssh''' offers a command line terminal, '''scp''' affords copying a file, and '''sftp''' behaves like ftp. The server side consists of sshd, sftp-server, and ssh-agent. ssh-add, ssh-keysign, ssh-keyscan, and ssh-keygen afford key management. The SSH present on Slackware and the BSDs is [https://www.openssh.com/ OpenSSH], developped by members of the [https://www.openbsd.org/ OpenBSD] project.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''ssh''' obviously requires your <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">connection </del>password every time it is executed. This can be avoided by creating on the client a pair of rsa keys and copying the public key to the server. Not specifying a passphrase is not very secure but will afford avoiding having to enter it every time :</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''ssh''' obviously requires your password every time it is executed. This can be avoided by creating on the client a pair of rsa keys and copying the public key to the server. Not specifying a passphrase is not very secure but will afford avoiding having to enter it every time :</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  # '''ssh-keygen -t rsa'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  # '''ssh-keygen -t rsa'''</div></td></tr>
</table>Wikislaxhttp://studioware.com/wikislax/index.php?title=Linux_basics&diff=77&oldid=prevWikislax: /* Useful linux commands */2022-12-15T10:48:39Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Useful linux commands</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''ifconfig -a'''</tt>||kill print the network interfaces configuration.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''ifconfig -a'''</tt>||kill print the network interfaces configuration.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|<tt>'''iptables -L'''</tt>||print the firewall rules.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''killall xxx'''</tt>||kill program named xxx.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''killall xxx'''</tt>||kill program named xxx.</div></td></tr>
</table>Wikislaxhttp://studioware.com/wikislax/index.php?title=Linux_basics&diff=75&oldid=prevWikislax: /* Useful linux commands */2022-12-14T17:31:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Useful linux commands</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:31, 14 December 2022</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''rm -r'''</tt>||remove file or directory recursively.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''rm -r'''</tt>||remove file or directory recursively.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|<tt>'''route'''</tt>||display the network routing table.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''screen <i>-S<name></i>'''</tt>||screen offers a frame to run a shell, detach from it (<ctrl>-a d) and later reattach to it.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''screen <i>-S<name></i>'''</tt>||screen offers a frame to run a shell, detach from it (<ctrl>-a d) and later reattach to it.</div></td></tr>
</table>Wikislaxhttp://studioware.com/wikislax/index.php?title=Linux_basics&diff=74&oldid=prevWikislax: /* Useful linux commands */2022-12-14T17:29:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Useful linux commands</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''find xxx -name yyy -print'''</tt>||find file yyy in in subdirectories of xxx.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''find xxx -name yyy -print'''</tt>||find file yyy in in subdirectories of xxx.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|<tt>'''ifconfig -a'''</tt>||kill print the network interfaces configuration.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''killall xxx'''</tt>||kill program named xxx.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''killall xxx'''</tt>||kill program named xxx.</div></td></tr>
</table>Wikislaxhttp://studioware.com/wikislax/index.php?title=Linux_basics&diff=73&oldid=prevWikislax at 17:32, 5 April 20212021-04-05T17:32:32Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''rm -r'''</tt>||remove file or directory recursively.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''rm -r'''</tt>||remove file or directory recursively.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|<tt>'''screen <i>-S<name></i>'''</tt>||screen offers a frame to run a shell, detach from it (<ctrl>-a d) and later reattach to it.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''ssh <i>host</i>'''</tt>||connect remotely to site <i>host</i>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<tt>'''ssh <i>host</i>'''</tt>||connect remotely to site <i>host</i>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Wikislaxhttp://studioware.com/wikislax/index.php?title=Linux_basics&diff=12&oldid=prevWikislax: Created page with "== Using VI == '''vi''' (pronounced vee-eye) is the Unix standard text editor so affords editing the configuration files by hand. If you don’t know it yet, it can be a bit..."2017-12-06T21:22:33Z<p>Created page with "== Using VI == '''vi''' (pronounced vee-eye) is the Unix standard text editor so affords editing the configuration files by hand. If you don’t know it yet, it can be a bit..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>== Using VI ==<br />
<br />
'''vi''' (pronounced vee-eye) is the Unix standard text editor so affords editing the configuration files by hand. If you don’t know it yet, it can be a bit surprising. Actually, '''vi''' was created at a time when the keyboards did not have any arrow or insert keys. So there are two modes: the «open» mode and the «insert» mode.<br />
<br />
The open mode affords moving the cursor. '''j''', '''k''', '''l''', '''m''' move the cursor by one character. '''ctrl-f''' moves one page forward and '''ctrl-b''' moves one page backwards. '''w''' moves one word forward and '''b''' moves one word backwards. It is also possible to use the arrow keys.<br />
<br />
'''i''' goes into insert mode before the cursor, '''a''' goes into insert mode after the cursor, and '''A''' goes into insert mode at the end of the line. '''o''' adds a line after the current line, and '''O''' adds a live before the current line. '''R''' goes into rewrite mode.<br />
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'''esc''' affords getting out of the insert mode.<br />
<br />
'''c$''' affords replacing the end of the line and '''d$''' affords deleting the end of the line. '''cw''' affords replacing one word and '''dw''' affords deleting one word. '''dd''' affords deleting the current line.<br />
<br />
''':q''' affords quitting without saving. If the file has been modified, quitting must be forced by typing ''':q!'''. ''':x''' affords saving and quitting. If the file does not have the write rigths, saving must be forced by typing ''':x!'''. ''':w''' affords writing the text in a new file. If the new file already exists, writing must be forced by typing ''':w!'''.<br />
<br />
''':num''' affords moving to the line number num. ''':$''' affords moving to the end of the file.<br />
''':num1copynum2''' affords copying the line number num1 after the line number num2. ''':num1mnum2''' affords moving the line number num1 after the line number num2.<br />
<br />
For detailed information, check the [http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/help.html VIM Documentation]. To enter special characters check the page on [http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/digraph.html digraphs]. To get rid of the message "skipping N old session files", delete files elvis*.ses in /var/tmp.<br />
<br />
== Using SSH ==<br />
<br />
SSH is a suite of tools affording connecting remotely over encrypted communications. On the client side, '''ssh''' offers a command line terminal, '''scp''' affords copying a file, and '''sftp''' behaves like ftp. The server side consists of sshd, sftp-server, and ssh-agent. ssh-add, ssh-keysign, ssh-keyscan, and ssh-keygen afford key management. The SSH present on Slackware and the BSDs is [https://www.openssh.com/ OpenSSH], developped by members of the [https://www.openbsd.org/ OpenBSD] project.<br />
<br />
'''ssh''' obviously requires your connection password every time it is executed. This can be avoided by creating on the client a pair of rsa keys and copying the public key to the server. Not specifying a passphrase is not very secure but will afford avoiding having to enter it every time :<br />
<br />
# '''ssh-keygen -t rsa'''<br />
Generating public/private rsa key pair.<br />
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): '''<cr>'''<br />
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): '''<cr>'''<br />
Enter same passphrase again: '''cr>'''<br />
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.<br />
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.<br />
The key fingerprint is:<br />
SHA256:ATSDdER5/l8OJvr+jpINIReJtd81zntVbTjuJW5aobE root@client<br />
The key's randomart image is:<br />
+---[RSA 2048]----+<br />
| ..=O+.. |<br />
| ..o++. ..|<br />
| oo. = +|<br />
| . +o . = +.|<br />
| oSo. o * o|<br />
| . o o*.=.|<br />
| = +E+* .|<br />
| + ...+.. |<br />
| ++o+ |<br />
+----[SHA256]-----+<br />
# '''scp root@client:.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@server:.ssh/id_rsa.pub'''<br />
password: '''secret<cr>'''<br />
id_rsa.pub 100% 394 1.8MB/s 00:00<br />
# '''ssh server'''<br />
password: '''secret<cr>'''<br />
# '''cd .ssh'''<br />
# '''cat >> authorized_keys < id_rsa.pub'''<br />
# '''chmod 600 authorized_keys'''<br />
# '''rm id_rsa.pub'''<br />
<br />
== Useful linux commands ==<br />
<br />
{| {{thead}}<br />
|-<br />
! {{chead}} width="220" | Command<br />
! {{chead}} | Effect<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''cd'''</tt>||change directory.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''chmod -R ppp ddd'''</tt>||recursively change permissions on file or directory.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''chown -R uuu:ggg ddd'''</tt>||recursively change user:group ownership on file or directory.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''chgrp -R ggg ddd'''</tt>||recursively change group ownership on file or directory.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''command xxx <nowiki>|</nowiki> grep yyy'''</tt>||search for string yyy in output of command xxx.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''ethtool -s eth0 wol g'''</tt>||puts interface eth0 in wake-on-lan status.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''find xxx -name yyy -print'''</tt>||find file yyy in in subdirectories of xxx.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''killall xxx'''</tt>||kill program named xxx.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''ldconfig'''</tt>||reload libraries taking into account new libraries just built.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''ln -s existing new'''</tt>||create a symbolic link new to an existing directory or file.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''ls -al'''</tt>||list the working directory, including files beginning with a dot.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''man xxx'''</tt>||display the xxx command manual page.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''more xxx'''</tt>||display file xxx with the possibility of moving up and down. '''less''' and '''most''' are similar commands.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''mount -t ttt /dev/xxx /mnt/ddd'''</tt>||mount device xxx as type ttt under directory ddd.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''(u)mount /mnt/ddd'''</tt>||(u)mount device ddd as specified in /etc/fstab.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''nmap <i>host</i>'''</tt>||check filtering status of ports on <i>host</i>. '''-sU''' for UDP.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''ps -ef'''</tt>||list the running processes.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''pwd'''</tt>||print working directory.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''rm -r'''</tt>||remove file or directory recursively.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''ssh <i>host</i>'''</tt>||connect remotely to site <i>host</i>.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''su -l uuuu'''</tt>||execute shell as another user. if -l is used an environment similar to what the other user would have had with a direct login is provided.<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''telinit n'''</tt>||go to the runlevel n (1=single-user, 3=multi-user, 4=graphical, 6=reboot).<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''umask'''</tt>||edit /etc/profile to change the default umask value of 022 and '''set it to 027''' (files not readable by other users), a good setting except when installing as root server software to be ran as a standard user account (permission issues).<br />
|-<br />
|<tt>'''vi'''</tt>||run the vi text editor. To get rid of the message "skipping N old session files", delete files elvis*.ses in /var/tmp.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br clear=all><br />
<br />
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